Introduction: Responsive Teaching
What is responsive teaching?
Responsive teaching is the process of stepping in
and out of a learning activity to support the student’s individual needs
and growing independence. This process has also been referred to as scaffolding.
Responsive teaching involves observing students carefully and, as Goodman (1996)
put it, “figuring out where they are going and then help[ing] them get
there.”
Contemporary researchers have found a great deal of evidence to support the sociocultural theory of how we learn to read, originally developed by the Russian psychologist Vygotsky (1978). Much like a trade can be learned through a process of apprenticeship, students learn to read by engaging in reading with people who have already mastered it. Through responsive teaching, these experts provide assistance and share strategies that advance students’ abilities to the point where they can complete the task on their own.
Some of the things we do while teaching responsively include:
• helping the learner focus his or her attention
• providing reassurance that the task is manageable
• structuring the task to help students decide what steps should be taken
and in what order
• modelling how an expert does it
•“thinking aloud” to let the learner observe expert thinking
• modelling self-evaluation (“Hmmm … I don’t think I
got it. I’d better try again”). Responsive teaching does not mean
letting students “do their own thing.” It means that control over
reading is shared with students so that they are encouraged to become responsible,
self-directed learners. Many teachers find responsive teaching more interesting
and satisfying than directive teaching because it involves getting to know the
students and actively involving them in their own learning.
What individual differences are there in reading?
Research shows a surprising range of differences when it comes to reading processes
and abilities. These differences stem from several factors:
• individual cognitive differences
• cultural differences in how people approach the reading process
• personality differences, such as willingness to attempt the task when
uncertain of one’s abilities
• gender differences in reading preferences and ways of interacting with
others
• differences in background knowledge and experience that affect how one
interprets print and nonprint information
• differences in how various students were taught at home and at school.It
is impossible to predict exactly what individual students need for support in
their reading. Rather than trying to do so, it is better to stay open to understanding
the unique profile of habits and strategies that each student brings to the
reading process.
Does individualizing instruction mean that I have to develop a different
reading program for each student?
Definitely not! Even if it were practical to do so, separating students when
they are working on reading is not the most beneficial approach. It is much
more effective to help students become aware of their own strengths and weaknesses
so that they can take initiative and support each other as much as possible.
Students should be working in groups or pairs as much as possible in order to:
• clarify their purposes for reading and focus on the information they
need
• help each other share and select appropriate strategies
• provide encouragement and motivation for each other
• question each other on what they have read
• share new ideas in a way that strengthens understanding
• share opinions and debate ideas about what they have read
• check each other for accuracy
• review important information
• know that they are not alone.At the same time, you can support the development
of individual readers by:
• ensuring that students are reading material at a suitable level
• becoming aware of personal strengths that students bring to their reading
• providing support and reassurance for students in difficulty
• providing quiet time in the classroom for students to read for their
own purposes
• setting up a system for students to keep track of their own reading
• letting the student listen to an audio version if the material is too
difficult
•“thinking aloud” as much as possible to model effective reading
strategies
• encouraging students to think aloud so you can hear their strategies
and provide feedback
• encouraging students to make choices about what and when they read
• discussing students’ strategies on a regular basis
• posting reminders around the room of what students can do when they
have difficulties with a text
• allowing students time to reflect on new learning
• providing self-assessment tools to help students identify their strengths
and weaknesses when it comes to reading.Taking these measures helps ensure that
students develop good strategies for when they are reading on their own and,
just as importantly, have the confidence to use them.
Is teaching reading responsively different than responding to other
student needs?
Knowing how to respond to students’ behaviour and emotions is an essential
component of being an excellent teacher. This is true in all classrooms but
particularly in classrooms where students have not had academic success in the
past. In reading, as in any other area, good teaching is always grounded in
a strong relationship with students, where you can provide support and guidance.
However, when teaching reading to students with difficulties, there are additional
elements that support your ability to be a responsive teacher. Learning more
about these elements will not only make you a better teacher, but will make
the process richer and more satisfying for you. Indeed, many teachers who study
reading report that they have become more aware and strategic in their own reading
as a result! There are three main elements to think about in relation to being
a responsive teacher:
• contexts of reading
• active reading
• multiple texts/multiple literacies. You can click on each of the workshops
listed below to gain information about why each element is important in your
teaching. As you read through these workshops, consider ways that you might
gradually introduce the concepts and strategies into your teaching. By making
small changes and incorporating new activities or approaches on an ongoing basis,
you can help students be more confident and successful in their reading.